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Toplica insurrection
Toplica insurrection was a 1917 rebellion of Serb Chetniks in the Toplica District against the Bulgarian occupation force that had been occupying the Kingdom of Serbia's eastern part since October 1915. The rebellion lasted from February 21 to March 25, 1917.〔(Armies in the Balkans 1914-18, Nigel Thomas, Osprey Publishing, 2012, ISBN 1780967357, p. 12. )〕
==Background==
In October 1915, Kingdom of Serbia, which had throughout fall 1914 managed to withstand and repel three Austro-Hungarian invasions, found itself under attack again. This time it was a joint Austro-Hungarian, German, and Bulgarian invasion from two directions that included Austro-Hungarian Third Army, German Eleventh Army, and Bulgarian First and Second armies. Outnumbered and outmatched, the Serbian Army was defeated by December 1915. However, rather than surrendering and capitulating, the Serbian military and political leaders decided on a long and arduous army retreat south towards Albania in hopes of reaching the Adriatic coast for evacuation and regrouping.〔''...The greatly outnumbered and under-equipped Serbian army, attacked from two directions, was forced to retreat to the south and then westward… The classical account of the defeat and retreat of the Serbian army for English readers is still John C. Adams. “Flight in Winter”. It vividly recounts the difficulties encountered by the Serbs as they struggled to reach the Adriatic for evacuation. This retreat was accompanied by suffering aggravated by severe weather and rugged terrain''... Researching World War I: A Handbook, ABC-Clio, Robin D. S. Higham, Dennis E. Showalter, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 031328850X, (p. 210. )〕 As a result, the invading Central Powers forces occupied the entire territory of the Kingdom of Serbia. In the immediate division of spoils, Kingdom of Bulgaria got the area of Pomoravlje, which had been a target of Bulgarian nationalism.〔(Establishment of the Balkan National States: 1804-1918, Charles Jelavich, Barbara Jelavich, University of Washington Press, 1977, ISBN 0295964138, p. 289. )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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